But the question remains in every person's head who has watched or been a fan of Bewitched: why the two different Darrins? The Reason The First Darrin Left the TV Show Bewitched, How I Met Your Mother 7.10: Tick Tick Tick Review, Game of Thrones Spin-Offs Are Expected to be Big-Budget, How to Physically and Mentally Prepare for the This is Us Finale, Grandfathered Season 1 Episode 13 Review: Tableside Guacamole. This was the middle of the summer and I was wearing a sheepskin jacket and I was chilling. The Ashers thought the show had possibilities, and Liz signed on to be Samantha. . York continued taking doctor-prescribed medications, including codeine, muscle relaxants and sleeping pills, though he stressed he avoided drugs while working. He also appeared in hundreds of other radio shows and instructional films before heading to New York City, where he acted on Broadway in Tea and Sympathy and Bus Stop. Manifest Season 1 Episode 14 Recap: Upgrade. Small correction, York's ill-fated cowboy movie was They Came to Cordura -- see. Sadly, Dick's health did not improve after he stepped away from Bewitched. Some cast members did not even fully understand what a classic theyd made until years after. [1][2] He grew up in Chicago, where a Catholic nun first recognized his vocal promise. But perhaps the best bit of TV magic was related to the famous nose twitch. Let's talk about that iconic intro. It's as painful as the "everybody knows but nobody knows" formula that is Dexter, or the "never get off the island" formula of Gilligan's Island (or Lost). Meanwhile, that co-workers daughter was Tabithas close friend and was spending the weekend with the Stephens. He ended up developing a reliance on painkillers, which ended up affecting his physical abilities. Saks wasnt worried that some litigious types might find too many similarities between his TV show and those movies, though; both films were owned by Columbia Pictures, which in turn also owned Screen Gems, the company that produced Bewitched. She is an extremely powerful witch. When the show returned for its sixth season, Darrin was portrayed by Dick Sargent. He eventually quit the drugs, enduring a horrific withdrawal complete with auditory hallucinations. Jack Keller composed the music before working with The . Grimes was not a fan of the premise, asking why she wouldnt use her powers to stop wars or deal with Los Angeles traffic. Sargent played a calmer Darrin who certainly reactioned to Samantha and her familys supernatural hijinks. Imagine being part of a show where people expect you to be energetic and full of life and this is next to impossible since you cant move on account of the pain. The things that have gone wrong have been simply physical things. When Larry and Louise Tate were blessed with a son on Bewitched, the child was named Jonathan at Whites request. Connie Britton Returns for the Season 3 Finale of '9-1-1', Tom Cruise Pays Child Support, but It's Not as Much as You Might Think. Shed had surgery, but the doctors informed her that her case was terminal. One of the most memorable recastings in TV history is also one of the oldest: the two Darrins of Bewitched. Is Shirley Manson from Garbage a natural redhead? He had appeared in a movie in 1959 called They Came to Cordura, and during filming he had severely injured his back. In 1960's sitcom Bewitched, Sam's husband Darrin has a habit of overreacting to her magical hijinks. The actor explained to PEOPLE in 1989, "I had a board in my trailer where I would flatten out. Who is the rude band in Old School and Starsky & Hutch? In September, 1964 'Bewitched' debuted on ABC, with Elizabeth Montgomery as housewitch Samantha Stephens and Dick York cast as her hapless husband Darrin. Its a believable story, but Asher insisted that wasnt the case. Need a drink after all of that? Herbie Pilato, the author ofTwitch Upon a Star, argues that Sargent was first directed to act just as York would. Read on to find out We did not love Buttercup in The Hunger Games. One famous example comes from Bewitched when Dick Sargent had to replace Dick York as Darrin Stephens. I lay in my dressing room after being in make-up, waiting to be called on the set. We bring you the neatest, weirdest, and There was no type of surgery that would repair his injuries at that time; instead, the best the specialists could do was supply him with a steady supply of increasingly strong pain medications. Sandra Gould took over the role of Gladys Kravitz for the remainder of the series. Without warning or explanation, Dick Sargent replaced Dick York as Sams TV husband. By the time Darrin #2 came in, the stories were formulaic. But when I grew older, my allegiances turned more to Endora. Customization and personalization available. But she wasnt the only one with a secret to keep. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Thanks for reading! Cordura and Inherit the Wind (1960) were his biggest film successes, but it was an accident during shooting on the former that would inform and influence the remainder of his life. The show revolves around a witchwho marries a regular, human man and promises to lead the life of a typical housewife. One famous example comes from Bewitched when Dick Sargent had to replace Dick York as Darrin Stephens. Bewitchedoriginally aired from September 17th, 1964 to March 25th, 1972, and still airs reruns to this day because of its massive popularity. The Real Reason There Were Two Darrins On Bewitched YouTube By Karen Corday / Jan. 15, 2021 4:50 pm EST It's a question that continues to puzzle people 50 years after it happened: why did the TV show Bewitched suddenly and seemingly inexplicably replace the actor who played Darrin in the middle of its run? But the story idea and basic script was written by 22 African-American 10th graders in Marcella Saunders English class at Jefferson High School in South Central Los Angeles. During the filming of They Came to Cordura (1959) in 1959, Dick York suffered an excruciating back injury. Her undershot jaw prevented her from landing any leading lady roles when she took up acting, but she could be counted on as a good comic foil. York was cast as Darrin Stephens in the 1960s sitcom Bewitched as Samantha's (Elizabeth Montgomery) mortal husband. With Elizabeth Montgomery, Dick York, Agnes Moorehead, Erin Murphy. First The Oscars and Now The Voice Season 12 Finale Hallelujah! According to York, "Somehow all that flickering made me feel weird." I imagine most people at the time thought that as well. Am I right? I continued to work through it." . Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick York in Bewitched, Dick York: The Real Reason He Suddenly Left 'Bewitched', Photo: Walt Disney Television via Getty Images Photo Archives/Walt Disney Television via Getty Images, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. It's like a squeaky piece of chalk scratching on my nerves.". By the time he and his family moved to Rockford, Michigan in 1986, York was already suffering from emphysema due to a three-pack-a-day smoking habit and would become reliant on oxygen from a canister. It's interesting to see an instance of this where bad-blood wasn't involved. Pictojam - Science & Tech Copyright 2023 PopCulture.com. Did Kylie Minogue's famous gold hot pants really cost 50 pence? How did Scott Adams come up with the name Dilbert? The fans whisper to you and the walls whisper to you and you look at television and sometimes it flashes in a certain way that sends you into a fit and you know that your wife has put her hand in your mouth so you won't bite off your tongue. By Stephanie Downs And she really didnt care for Derwent, who I always thought was a stick in the mind. But enough about them. I went to work that day, but I was sick. I just want a chance to do other stage and movie roles." Aunt Clara was so endearing that even Darrin (who despised most of Sams relatives) loved her, even when her spells went wonky and turned him into a chimpanzee or a seal. Fans of the hit sitcom were scratching their heads at the beginning of season six when a new actor stepped into the role of Darrin. If each season equaled about a year of marriage, by this point, Darrin could be expected to be calmer about the whole situation. He began getting notable screen work in 1953, acting with Adam West in an episode of The Philco Television Hour, and by 55 he got some major films roles, one of them co-starring with Janet Leigh and Jack Lemmon in the musical, My Sister Eileen.He followed Jack Lemmon to Operation Mad Ball in 1957, which was the screen . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He unsuspectingly lifted the extras entire weight, and being unprepared for that additional 180 pounds, he tore most of the muscles on the right side of his back, and his spine never healed correctly. Yet in season six of the show's eight-season run, York. How Would a Fallout Television Series Work? Bewitched is an icon in pop culture and in the history of '60s television. However, circumstances beyond anyones expectations can throw a wrench in a shows casting plans. I found this strange but decided to continue on. 'Bewitched' Star Dick York: Why the Actor Who Played Darrin Stevens Exited the Series, 'Fatal Attraction' Reboot for Paramount+ Trailer and Release Date, Major NBC Show Moves to New Night, Suffers Big Ratings Drop, 'House of the Dragon' Season 1 Timeline, Explained, Candice Patton Has Filmed Her Final 'The Flash' Scenes, Rachael Ray Launches Major New Venture as Her Show Ends, Classic CBS Sitcom Leaving HBO Max This Month, 'That '90s Show': Laura Prepon Had a Special Role Behind the Scenes, and You Might Not Have Realized It, Ronda Rousey Reportedly Injured Just Weeks Before WrestleMania. Goliath animation studio Hanna-Barbera created the opening, adding it to a packed resume that includes The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo, and The Jetsons.Some Flintstones episodes even feature magical cameos by the Bewitched cast.. As for the music, Bewitched did originally have a theme song with lyrics. Magazines, Or create a free account to access more articles, 5 Things Producers Didn't Want You To Know About. It came to everyone's notice, and to help the suffering actor, it became routine to have scenes and plots contrived and written in which poor Darrin was sitting down, lying down, or reclining (usually sitting at his office desk at work, or in bed or on the couch at home) as much as possible. Your email address will not be published. In the words of Darrin Stephens, Make it a double, Sam., Read a 1964 profile of Elizabeth Montgomery, the star of the new show Bewitched, here in TIMEs archives: The Girl with the Necromantic Nose, BEWITCHED: Dick York (Darrin), Elizabeth Montgomery (Samantha), Erin Murphy (Tabitha), Agnes Moorehead (Endora), The MacArthur 'Genius' Grants: How They Started, The Secret History of the Shadow Campaign That Saved the 2020 Election. The show was a ratings hit and delivered York a steady paycheck, but his chronic back pain resulting from the Cordura accident and reliance on prescription painkillers continued to worsen and began to affect his physical abilities. Neatorama presents a guest post from actor, comedian, and voiceover artist Eddie Deezen. But, somehow or other, her name came out 'Tabatha' on the credit roll, and that's the way it's been ever since. If they had gotten the full story, they might have been a bit more forgiving of the swap. He knew of York's anguish and asked him point blank is he wanted to quit the show. For Endora as a child on Halloween, see Young Endora. Heres Steve Lawrence swinging the tune in his trademark ring-a-ding style: 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. You can't sleep. Of course mean ol Brockway immediately saw the error of his ways and not only asked Darrin to handle his account, he also shared Christmas dinner with an ethnically diverse group of guests. Originally starring Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick York, the series went through a bit of a metamorphosis during its eight-season run. I continued to work through it.. Big & Tall and Curvy Tees are our specialties! Tammy Grimes, whod won a Best Actress Tony Award in 1961 for The Unsinkable Molly Brown, was under contract to Screen Gems in 1964 and was the studios first choice for the role of Cassandra (as the lead character was named at the time). The act of nonchalantly switching out actors has become playfully known as "The Darrin Syndrome " evidence that they didn't exactly get away with the switcheroo. Nosey Gladys Kravitz was first played by Alice Pearce and then Sandra Gould. However, Sargents former co-star, Tammy Grimes, apparently was the first choice forSamantha StephensonBewitched. Dick Sargent was brought in at that point since York was in constant pain and had to be kept in recovery. I've been surrounded by people in radio, on stage, and in motion pictures and television who love me. And I'm sitting on this platform up in the air and I turned to Gibby, who was just down below, and I said, 'Gibby, I think I have to get down.' Science T-Shirts | Sci-Fi T-Shirts | Fantasy T-Shirts The replacement doctor instead gave him B-12, and while filming a scene with Maurice Evans on a scaffold 15 feet in the air, the hot lights, exhaustion and medications combined to send York into a seizure. [3] He began his career at the age of 15 as the star of the CBS radio program That Brewster Boy. The two Andrews girls are named Tabitha and Abigail. All Rights Reserved. Origins: Whenever two or more celebrities who have appeared in the same television series or movie die either within a short time of one another or are regarded as having expired well before their. In fact, she almost cast a spell on the new Darrin and turned him into a little gay rat shrouded in smoke. Visit Eddie at his website or at Facebook. It took the Titanic longer to sink that it took the movie to finish. Pop Culturista - Pop Culture He was the first actor to play Darrin Stephens on the ABC fantasy sitcom Bewitched. This prop amusingly played on the title of the popular Harper's Bazaar fashion magazine. Sargent stepped into Yorks role of Darrin Stephens toward the end of the shows run and would forever be considered the new Darrin by fans. I was on the bottom stroke of this sort of teeter-totter mechanism that made the handcar run. By using this website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our Privacy Policy. [citation needed], While filming the fifth-season episode "Daddy Does His Thing," York fell ill: "I was too sick to go on. York did release a statement to The Sacramento Bee in March of 1969 about his departure from the series, which read, "Five years as Liz's husband on Bewitched; there are no hard feelings. Four months prior to receiving a phone call from her agent telling her that William Asher wanted her for a role on his new TV show, Pearce was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Copyright 2023 Distractify. most wonderful stuff from all over the You can see Moorehead wearing the brooch on an episode of Password above. York was a three-pack-a-day smoker for much of his life and often smoked cigarettes on the set of Bewitched; he spent his final years battling emphysema. [3] While bedridden in his Rockford, Michigan, home, he founded Acting for Life, a private charity to help the homeless and others in need. They just snapped and let loose, York said in an interview published in FilmFax magazine in 1992. A lof of the original episodes were well-thought-out stories about acceptance and tolerance. For those who truly loved the original series, here are 14 fun facts about the show and the actors that might surprise you. It seems Dick had a debilitating back condition that stemmed from an injury he suffered while filming a movie in Canada. Some Darrin-less episodes were filmed until Dick Sargent took over the role. The classic series replaced original actor Dick York with Dick Sargent in Season 6, but many fans still to this day don't know why Dick York chose to leave Bewitched. Darrin refused to acknowledge why this depiction of witches bothered his wife, and it wasn't until Sam hexed her husband to look like a haggard witch himself that he developed an understanding. According toMedium, Asher cleared up the issue back in 1999. But Dick York, the first Darrin on Bewitched, thankfully didnt have any of that, at least not that people heard of, as his exit from the show came due to an injury and the results that came later as a result of the injury. - Wizard of Oz Coaster Set, Witch and Cauldron - Salt & Pepper Shakers, Wicked Witch of the East Legs and House - Salt & Pepper Shakers, Wicked Witch & Crystal Ball - Salt & Pepper Shakers, Playdough Surgery is Easier Than the Real Thing, Seniors Recreate Rihannas Super Bowl Dance Break, Invention Lets People Kiss Each Other Using Their Phones, The Challenge of Escaping from Colditz Castle. Sargent took another job while the pilot was in search of a new Samantha, and interestingly enough he would go on to play Tammys twin brother on her short-lived show. Minor roles in Simon & Simon and Fantasy Island in the early 1980s were his only other acting appearances. As any stuntperson the business could tell you anything that happens unprepared has a higher risk of injury than a stunt or action that is scripted and has people plan in advance for it to happen. When Dick Sargent joined the show, it lasted another 3 years so it was not "soon" cancelled as it's described in the article. Another young man named Dick Sargant was immediately hired to replace Dick York as "Darrin number 2." Is it true no mummies were found in the Great Pyramid of Giza? The book is in large part a love letter to his wife, Joan (ne Alt), the seesaw girl of the title, who stuck with him through the hard times. Dick Sargent replaced York in the role of Darrin Stephens, taking over the role at the start of the series' sixth season (19691970) and continuing in the part until the series ended after its eighth season (19711972). Within a decade he had moved to New York City, was working on radio soaps and had married his childhood sweetheart Joan Alt, with whom he had five children and remained wed to until his death. Born September 4, 1928, in Fort Wayne, Indiana to a salesman father and seamstress mother, it was a parochial school nun who first spotted his talent for acting and encouraged York to seek coaching. In the 1960's sitcom Bewitched, Sam's magical roots have a habit of causing chaos in not only her own life, but also in her mortal husband's. Which Darrin did you prefer? The show ran from 1964 to 1972 and had a hugely successful 8-year run. And that was the start of it all: the pain, the painkillers, the addiction, the lost career. I mean seriously, who asks their wife not to do the housework with a twitch of her nose? The technicians were shining a light in York's eyes during the setup for the shot. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Digital By 1968 he was addicted, and in 1969 he passed out while on the Bewitched set and had to be hospitalized. "And that was the start of it all the pain, the painkillers, the addiction, the lost career. Offers may be subject to change without notice. [2], The crew built York a slanted wall on which he could lean between scenes; during the first two seasons, this allowed York to manage his back injury with little difficulty. Today, we'll recall his biggest overreactions. Later in his run, Darrin was written out of episodes with the explanation that he was away on business or by focusing on Samantha visiting with her warlock kin. York and Montgomery indeed had instant chemistry. Along with the chronic back pain, he had developed a powerful addiction to prescription drugs that consumed his life for the next two years. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. I was too young to watch the show on first run, but syndication in the 70's branded its theme song into my brain. But he did not raise his voice quite like Yorks Darrin. and one of the 'wounded' cast members reached up and grabbed the handle. 'Bewitched was so popular that ABC began re-running it during weekday mornings for two years starting in 1968. "If it's all right with you, Billy," York replied. Creator Sol Saks Stars Elizabeth Montgomery Dick York Dick Sargent See production, box office & company info Watch on Freevee S1-3 Watch Free on Freevee More watch options Add to Watchlist 104 User reviews 26 Critic reviews This later led to a dependency on painkillers and to York missing a handful of Bewitched episodes in seasons 3 and 4. A lover of great stories and epic tales, Tom is a fan of old and new-school ideas. People werent the only elements of the show that might have looked a little too familiar. Was Mark Wahlberg ever a member of New Kids on the Block? Darren McGavin (born William Lyle Richardson; May 7, 1922 - February 25, 2006) was an American actor.. McGavin began his career working as a set painter for Columbia Pictures.In 1954, he originated roles in Broadway productions of My Three Angels and The Rainmaker, followed by roles in David Lean's Summertime and Otto Preminger's The Man with the Golden Arm (both 1955). Darrin wasn't the only. Neatorama is the neat side of the Web. Darrin Stephens. York eventually kicked his addiction to painkillers and dedicated the latter part of his life to charity work. This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Sargent was originally offered the role of Darrin in 1964, but declined in favor of a part in the short-lived sitcom Broadside.[7]. Contracted to Columbia Pictures soon after, York was soon in front of big-screen audiences in the western drama They Came to Cordura (1959), starring with .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Gary Cooper, Rita Hayworth, Tab Hunter and Van Heflin. Supa Fluffy - Cute Animals & Pets. Word of drug addiction spreads like wildfire in a town like Hollywood, and this was surely a contributing factor in the actor's scarcity of work, plus the obvious typecasting of York as Darrin on Bewitched. To provide some accommodation for Dick's pain, a slanted wall was built backstage for him to lean on between takes, which helped for a time, but midway through the third season, his pain worsened and would cause frequent shooting delays. Its saddening really to think that a career was cut short by one injury that turned into an addiction, but its not the only time its happened and it probably wont be the last since the saying stuff happens is something that people dont always like to hear, but its the unvarnished truth since there are plenty of moments that people just dont see coming and instances in which a career can be clipped off at the knees without any warning at all. A witch married to an ordinary man cannot resist using her magic powers to solve the problems her family faces. Darrin went to college with Charlie Harper and Daphne . And that was the start of it all the pain, the painkillers, the addiction, the lost career. The initial awkwardness eventually subsided, and Sargent came into his own in the role. York said yes. David died two years later of a heart attack, and is inurned with his son in a niche at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. He said he had to turn it down because he was already under contract. I was just lifting the handle up as the director yelled 'cut!' Originally starring Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick York, the series went through a bit of a metamorphosis. I didnt attend to the problem then. Lorne turned bumbling into an art form with her portrayal of loveable Aunt Clara. You have reached your limit of free articles. As well as radio soaps, Yorks early years in New York also saw him acting on Broadway in Tea and Sympathy with Deborah Kerr in 1953. Finally! That flickering, flickering, flickering made me feel weird. 6XL T-Shirts | 7XL T-Shirts | 8XL T-Shirts9XL T-Shirts | 10XL T-Shirts Comedy Family Fantasy Angry that the new male child is not named after him, Maurice zaps Darrin into the mirror until the situation is corrected to his satisfaction. The replacement wasnt a bad one, insist show experts. He is the only child of Frank and Phyllis Stephens. York appeared in dozens of episodes of now-classic television series, including Justice, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Untouchables, Rawhide, The Americans, Wagon Train, Father Knows Best, and CBS's The Twilight Zone and Route 66. Long before he appeared onBewitched, York had been injured on the set of a film. Here are 5 times the producers used a little TV magic to hide things from viewers: Samantha spent much of the show trying to hide her true, witchy identity from her husband Darrin. Still, Asher didnt deny that Sargent was originally up for the role. The Harpies Bizarre name is in reference to a prop from the Bewitched TV show. Now, instead of lifting the expected weight, I was suddenly, jarringly, lifting his entire weight off the flatbed180 pounds or so. They did share a rather key difference, however. RELATED: Bewitched Stole Certain Plotlines From I Love Lucy Because Of One Sneaky Producer. What's your excuse? Unlike his wife, Frank accepted Darrin's decision to marry Samantha and live their lives the way they want. But because of the slapstick nature and physical comedy required on such a show, occasionally situations arose that would tax even a man in good physical condition. He and his wife Joan purchased an apartment building and planned to live off the rent for income, but he proved too compassionate for the job of landlord. Hewas then replaced by Dick Sargeant who saw the role until out until the end of the series. Bewitched Stole Certain Plotlines From I Love Lucy Because Of One Sneaky Producer, John Densmore, Drummer From The Doors, Owes His Career To His Bad Teeth, Charlies Angels and Sheena Star Tanya Roberts Dead at 65. Magic stuff happens, Darrin's boss/client/etc sees it, and Samantha saves the day with a catchy jingle to tie up the freaky loose ends. He signed a contract with Columbia Pictures shortly after appearing on Broadway with Deborah Kerr in Tea and Sympathy. He gamely tried to run his lines during the run-through, but he started to "zone out" and feel woozy and funny. For audiences used to seeing York, no onscreen explanation was given, or even alluded to. Much of his final years were spent working to help bring awareness to and outreach for the plight of homeless people in the United States, a cause he felt he understood having grown up during the Great Depression. York went on to star with Gene Kelly and Leo G. Carroll in the ABC comedy-drama Going My Way (1962). In the end, Samantha explained that all men and women are brothers and sisters despite the color of their skin, and then for good measure zapped everyone at their Christmas party into blackface when Mr. Brockway arrived. For example, if Samantha wanted to quickly tidy up the living room for a surprise visit from her in-laws, shed raise her arms in the air and zap the room clean. In 1968, he was even nominated for an Emmy award for his portrayal of the likable Darrin. Tragically, Jonathan was a passenger on Pan Am Flight 103 which exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988, killing all 259 souls on board. The injury led to a chronic and debilitating back condition that York managed with a mix of painkillers, sleeping aids, and cortisone shots. In 1960, a year after York's injury, he played Bertram Cates (modeled on John Thomas Scopes, of "Monkey Trial" fame) in the film version of Inherit the Wind.[6]. I had always assumed it was because of creative differences or whatever term Hollywood likes to use, but Icouldnt have been morewrong. Bewitched: There Was a Real-Life Affair on the Set of the Show. Infinite1UP - Video Games The trouble with staying of acting so long, even in todays era, is that people tend to forget a lot of what the actor has done and will seek out new forms of entertainment. The 1942 picture, directed by French filmmaker Ren Clair, tells the story of a woman named Jennifer, who just so happens to be a witch living in 1600s New England. I used to make a tape recording of rain so I could listen to the rain lying in bed at night to drown out those damned bagpipes."[3]. Some theorizing he had a dispute with the network, clashes with his fellow cast members, or a difference of opinion with the showrunner. [3] In his memoir, The Seesaw Girl and Me, published posthumously, he describes the struggle to break his addiction and come to grips with the loss of his career. His 1959 role in They Came To Cordura changed his life forever.

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